tiếng anh lớp 11- HK II

[pinkgirl]

Unit 9: POST OFFICE

* Grammar:

Relative Clauses:
Ngữ pháp chính của bài:

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.


Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.


A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)


The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.


Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.
Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.


Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.
-- That's all --:byebye:

:ah:UNIT 10:
NATURE IN DANGER


Grammar: Relative pronouns with prep.

Ví dụ :
This is the house. I live in it .
=> This is the house in which I live .
Giới từ in bình thường ở sau động từ live nhưng ta cũng có thể đem nó ra trước which .Bài này người ta luyện cho mình cách sử dụng công thức này .

Cần nhớ là chỉ có WHICH và WHOM mới có thể đi sau giới từ ,còn các chữ khác như THAT ,WHOSE .. thì không thể .
This is the chair .I sit on it .
=> This is the chair on that I sit . ( sai )
=> This is the chair on which I sit . ( đúng )
Các bạn cũng chú ý các cụm từ chỉ định lượng đi với of : both of ,none of ,one of ,two of ,neither of ,most of ..... phải đem cả cụm ra trước which ,whom

I have many dogs . You like none of them
=> I have many dogs none of which You like .

Trong cấu trúc này các bạn sẽ gặp những giới từ không thể đem ra phía trước .Đó là trừong hợp giới từ đó hợp với động từ thành một cụm động từ dính liền nên ta không thể tách rời chúng được .
Ví dụ như : Come across ( tình cờ gặp ) ,look after ( chăm sóc ), put up with ( chịu đựng ) ,give up ( từ bỏ )....
This is the man .I came across him yesterday
=> This is the man across whom I came yesterday (sai )
=> This is the man whom I came across yesterday (đúng )
-- Hết--
:68:

[phunghoang12cn]

unit 10 chưa học thì biết đâu mà coi. làm sao hiểu được

[pinkgirl]

đằng nào thì chả học, post trước ai muốn thì tham khảo chứ :ke-tui: ^^

[pinkgirl]

UNIT 11: SOURCES OF ENERGY

NGỮ PHÁP CHÍNH :

Relative clause raplaced by participles and to infinitives
1/ Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng participle phrases

a/ Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng presnet participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm đuôi ING)
EX1: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle
==> The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle
EX2: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night ?
==> Do you know the boy who broke breaking the windows last night?
b/Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng past participle phrase (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng V3)
EX1: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
==> The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
EX2: The students who were punished by teacher are lazy.
==> The students who were punished by teacher are lazy
EX3: The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. Brown
==> The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. Brown

2/ Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng to-infinitive hoặc infinitive phrase (có dạng for +O+ to-inf):
Chúng ta sử dụng dạng này trong những trường hợp sau :gặp các từ the first, the second,....the last, so sánh nhất (superlative), mục đích (purpose), .........
EX1:Tom is the last person who enters the room
==> Tom is the last person who enters to enter the room
EX2: John is the youngest person who takes part in the race.
==> John is the youngest person who takesto take part in the race
EX3: English is an important language which we have to master
English is an important language which we have for us to master
EX4:Here is the form that you must fill in
==> Here is the form that for you must to fill in

[COLOR="Blue"]Ghi chú: chỉ rút gọn được khi đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ còn nếu làm tân ngữ thì ko rút gọn được

[B]* Dưới đây là đoạn ngữ pháp = E Bạn nào thích thì cứ ngâm cứu thêm phần này nhé

Reduced relative clauses
Although it is not possible to omit the relative pronoun in the subject relative clauses that we have just looked at, we can, if we want, omit an even larger piece of the relative clause and still retain a grammatically acceptable sentence. Using the examples from above, we can say:

I can’t find my notebook containing all my addresses.
She has never met the lecturer leading today’s seminar.
The tall man standing by the bar is my uncle.
The newspaper first reporting the incident is being sued.

This is usually referred to as a reduced relative clause and can only be applied to subject relative clauses not object relative clauses.

The most obvious feature of this type of reduced clause is that the relative pronoun is left out and the verb following the noun always ends in –ing. The second, but perhaps not quite so obvious feature is that the tense of the verb in the original relative clause is not taken into account. Note how the verb tenses varied in the original sentences:

I can’t find my notebook that contains all my addresses. (Present Simple)
She has never met the lecturer who is leading today’s seminar. (Present Continuous)
The tall man who was standing by the bar is my uncle. (Past Continuous) The newspaper which first reported the incident is being sued. (Past Simple)

These –ing forms of the verb in a reduced relative clause are called non-finite verbs, that is, they are not marked in any way for tense. Here, the tense is carried only in the verb of the main clause.

So, to sum up so far, subject relative clauses cannot lose their relative pronoun, except when the whole relative clause is reduced to a non-finite –ing verb form. Object relative clauses can lose their relative pronoun, but cannot form reduced relative clauses.

Now consider the following set of sentences:

The information given in the brochure is wrong.
The criminal picked up at the airport was taken into police custody.
We saw the new play written by Tom Stoppard at the Old Vic.
The second piece played by the orchestra was very well received.

These are also examples of reduced subject relative clauses, but this time the word immediately following the noun which is being described is not an –ing type finite verb but a past participle; these are in bold.

The difference here is that those reduced relative verbs ending in –ing (looked at above) stand in for active verbs, while the past participles replace passive verbs and, as with the former type, they can replace almost any tense.

However, continuous tenses are usually replaced by being + past participle, so in the last sentence we might want to bring it into the here and now by saying: The second piece being played by the orchestra was especially commissioned. Among the possibilities for the full relative clauses for each of the above examples are:

The information which is given in the brochure is wrong.
The criminal who was picked up at the airport was taken into police custody.
We saw the new play that was written by Tom Stoppard at the Old Vic.
The second piece which was played by the orchestra was very well received.

-- Hết --

hix, mỏi tay, mờ mắt òy, thanks cho pink cái nhé :beated::beated:

[pinkgirl]

Unit 13:
HOBBIES


Cleft sentences

What is a cleft sentence and how do we use it?

Cleft sentences are used to help us focus on a particular part of the sentence and to emphasise what we want to say by introducing it or building up to it with a kind of relative clause.
Because there are two parts to the sentence it is called cleft (from the verb cleave) which means divided into two.

Cleft sentences are particularly useful in writing where we cannot use intonation for purposes of focus or emphasis, but they are also frequently used in speech.
Cleft structures include the reason why, the thing that, the person/people who, the place where, the day when and what-clauses which are usually linked to the clause that we want to focus on with is or was.

Compare the following sets of sentences and notice how the cleft structure in each case enables us to select the information we want to focus on:
1/I've come to discuss my future with you.
The reason why I've come is to discuss my future with you.
2/Your generosity impresses more than anything else.
The thing that impresses me more than anything else is your generosity.
3/The jewels are hidden under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
---The place where the jewels are hidden is under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
---Under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road is the place where the jewels are hidden.
4/Mary works harder than anybody else in this organisation.
---The person who works harder than anybody else in this organisation is Mary.
---Mary is the person in this organisation who works harder than anybody else.
5/The Second World War ended on 7 May 1945 in Europe.
---The day (when) the Second World War ended in Europe was 7 May 1945
---7 May 1945 was the day (when) the Second World War ended in Europe.
6/We now need actions rather than words.
---What we now need are actions rather than words.
---Actions rather than words are what we now need.
7/I enjoyed the brilliant music most of all in the Ballet Frankfurt performance.
---What I enjoyed most in the Ballet Frankfurt performance was the brilliant music.
---The brilliant music was what I enjoyed most in the Ballet Frankfurt performance.

Note from the last two examples that cleft structures with what-clauses are often used with verbs expressing an emotive response to something like adore, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, need, prefer, want, etc.
Cleft structures with what-clauses are also often used with does/do/did and with the verb happen when we want to give emphasis to the whole sentence, rather than a particular clause.

Compare the following:

1/The police interviewed all the witnesses to the accident first.
What the police did first was (to) interview all the witnesses to the accident.
2/You should invest all your money in telecoms companies.
---What you should do is (to) invest all your money in telecoms companies.
---What you should invest all your money in is telecoms companies.
3/She writes all her novels on a typewriter.
What she does is (to) write all her novels on a type writer.
4/Their car broke down on the motorway so they didn't get to Jo's wedding on time.
What happened was that their car broke down on the motorway so they didn't get to Jo's wedding on time.

It is sometimes very effective to use all instead of what in a cleft structure if you want to focus on one particular thing and nothing else:1/I want a new coat for Christmas.
---All I want for Christmas is a new coat.
---A new coat is all I want for Christmas.
2/I touched the bedside light and it broke.
All I did was (to) touch the bedside light and it broke.

Finally, we can also use preparatory it in cleft sentences and join the words that we want to focus on to the relative clause with that, who or when.

In the example which follows, note how this construction enables us to focus on different aspects of the information, which may be important at the time:

My brother bought his new car from our next-door neighbour last Saturday.
---It was my brother who bought his new car from our neighbour last Saturday.
---It was last Saturday when my brother bought his new car from our neighbour.
---It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbour last Saturday.
---It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Saturday.

Look out for cleft structures in your reading. They are a very common feature of written English.

Siêng tra từ điển một chút, điều đó sẽ giúp tiếng Anh của chúng ta tiến bộ rất nhanh, hi vọng các bạn ủng hộ việc mình post ngữ pháp bằng tiếng Anh, chúc các bạn học tốt

ai ko hỉu thì đọc cái này nha :D

Câu nhấn mạnh


Câu nhấn mạnh là gì và làm thế nào chúng ta sử dụng nó ?

Câu nhấn mạnh được sử dụng để giúp chúng ta làm nổi bật một phần nhất định của câu và để nhấn mạnh điều chúng ra muốn nói bằng cách đưa vào nó hoặc xây dựng nó bằng một loại đại từ quan hệ
Bởi vì có 2 phần trong câu nên nó được gọi là cleft (from the verb cleave) từ mang nghĩa là bị chia làm hai
Câu nhấn mạnh được sử dụng một cách đặt biệt hữu ích trong văn viết, nơi mà chúng ta không thể sử dụng ngữ điệu cho mục đích làm nổi bật hay nhấn mạnh, nhưng chúng cũng đựợc sử dụng một cách thường xuyên trong văn nói
Các cấu trúc nhấn mạnh bao gồm the reason why, the thing that, the person/people who, the place where, the day when và what-clauses những cái mà thường được liên kết với mệnh đề chúng a muốn làm nổi bật bằng is hoặc was.

So dánh những cách đặt câu sau và chú ý cách dùng cấu trúc nhấn mạnh trong mối trường hợp để chúng ta có thể lựa chọn thông tin muốn tập trung vào:

1/I've come to discuss my future with you.
The reason why I've come is to discuss my future with you.
2/Your generosity impresses more than anything else.
The thing that impresses me more than anything else is your generosity.
3/The jewels are hidden under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
---The place where the jewels are hidden is under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
---Under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road is the place where the jewels are hidden.
4/Mary works harder than anybody else in this organisation.
---The person who works harder than anybody else in this organisation is Mary.
---Mary is the person in this organisation who works harder than anybody else.
5/The Second World War ended on 7 May 1945 in Europe.
---The day (when) the Second World War ended in Europe was 7 May 1945
---7 May 1945 was the day (when) the Second World War ended in Europe.
6/We now need actions rather than words.
---What we now need are actions rather than words.
---Actions rather than words are what we now need.
7/I enjoyed the brilliant music most of all in the Ballet Frankfurt performance.
---What I enjoyed most in the Ballet Frankfurt performance was the brilliant music.
---The brilliant music was what I enjoyed most in the Ballet Frankfurt performance.

Chú ý 2 ví dụ cuối, các cấu trúc nhấn mạnh với what-clauses thường được sử dụng với các động từ chỉ cảm xúc như adore, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, need, prefer, want, etc.
Các cấu trúc nhấn mạnh với what-clauses cũng thường được sử dụng với does/do/did và với động từ happen khi chúng ta muốn nhấn mạnh cả câu chứ không chỉ một phần nào đó của câu.

So sánh các ví dụ sau:

1/The police interviewed all the witnesses to the accident first.
What the police did first was (to) interview all the witnesses to the accident.
2/You should invest all your money in telecoms companies.
---What you should do is (to) invest all your money in telecoms companies.
---What you should invest all your money in is telecoms companies.
3/She writes all her novels on a typewriter.
What she does is (to) write all her novels on a type writer.
4/Their car broke down on the motorway so they didn't get to Jo's wedding on time.
What happened was that their car broke down on the motorway so they didn't get to Jo's wedding on time.

Đôi khi cũng sẽ rất hiệu quả khi bạn sử dụng all thay vì what trong cấu trúc nhấn mạnh nếu bạn muốn làm nổi bật một thứ nhất định nào đó mà không phải bất cứ thứ gì khác
1/I want a new coat for Christmas.
---All I want for Christmas is a new coat.
---A new coat is all I want for Christmas.
2/I touched the bedside light and it broke.
All I did was (to) touch the bedside light and it broke.

Cuối cùng, chúng ta cũng có thể sử dụng chủ ngữ giả "It" trong câu nhấn mạnh và nối liền các từ ta muốn tập trung vào với mệnh đề quan hệ có chứa that, who hoặc when.
Trong ví dụ sau đây, chú ý cách mà cấu trúc câu này làm ta có thể tập trung vào nhiều khía cạnh khác nhau của thông tin, điều đó có thể đôi khi quan trọng

My brother bought his new car from our next-door neighbour last Saturday.
---It was my brother who bought his new car from our neighbour last Saturday.
---It was last Saturday when my brother bought his new car from our neighbour.
---It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbour last Saturday.
---It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Saturday.

Chú ý kỹ các cấu trúc nhấn mạnh mà bạn đã đọc, chúng là những điểm rất thông dụng trong viết Tiếng Anh.

[boyhoaian_vippro]

chăm ghê nhỉ? đưa bài học lên nữa àk!:xinchao:

[michaeldonald95]

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[Dark Magician]

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